·8 min
Apolipoprotein B (ApoB-100) and ApoB / ApoA1 Ratio
A clinical diagnostic guide to Apolipoprotein B (ApoB-100), ApoA1, atherogenic particle number, discordance with LDL-C, and cardiovascular risk stratification.
Bloodwork
Bloodwork
Understand your blood tests, biomarkers, and what they mean for your overall health.
17 publications in this archive
All Publications
·8 min
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT 75g) and 2-Hour Postprandial Glucose
A clinical diagnostic reference on the 75g Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and 2-Hour Postprandial Glucose, dynamic insulin secretion phases, Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT), and gestational diabetes.
·8 min
Fasting C-Peptide: Clinical Assessment of Endogenous Beta-Cell Reserve
A clinical diagnostic reference on Fasting C-Peptide, proinsulin cleavage kinetics, distinguishing Type 1 vs Type 2 diabetes vs LADA, and investigating hypoglycemia.
·9 min
Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) and eAG: Long-Term Glycemic Monitoring
A clinical diagnostic reference on Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) and Estimated Average Glucose (eAG), non-enzymatic glycation, NGSP versus IFCC units, and red blood cell turnover confounders.
·8 min
Fasting Glucose, Fasting Insulin, and HOMA-IR: Assessing Metabolic Health
A clinical diagnostic reference on Fasting Plasma Glucose, Fasting Serum Insulin, and HOMA-IR calculation, evaluating occult insulin resistance and metabolic longevity.
·8 min
Free T4 and Free T3: Evaluating Active Thyroid Hormone Bioavailability
A clinical diagnostic reference on Free Thyroxine (Free T4) and Free Triiodothyronine (Free T3), deiodinase enzyme kinetics, reference intervals, and peripheral hormone conversion.
·7 min
Thyroid Autoantibodies: Diagnostic Guide to Anti-TPO and Anti-Thyroglobulin
A clinical diagnostic reference on Anti-Thyroid Peroxidase (Anti-TPO) and Anti-Thyroglobulin (TgAb) antibodies, autoimmune thyroiditis pathogenesis, reference cutoffs, and thyroglobulin monitoring.
·7 min
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH): Diagnostic Evaluation of Pituitary-Thyroid Homeostasis
A clinical diagnostic guide to Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) testing, evaluating pituitary regulation, logarithmic inverse dynamics, reference intervals, and subclinical thyroid screening.
·9 min
Aldosterone-to-Renin Ratio (ARR) & Renin: Clinical Protocol and Screening Guide
A clinical guide to the aldosterone-to-renin ratio (ARR) and plasma renin: RAAS physiology, cryoactivation avoidance, and screening for primary aldosteronism.
·10 min
Plasma Fractionated Free Metanephrines: Clinical Guide, Protocol, and Diagnostic Utility
A clinical guide to plasma fractionated free metanephrines: chromaffin cell catecholamine metabolism, supine collection protocols, and pheochromocytoma screening.
·7 min
Low-Dose Overnight Dexamethasone Suppression Test (1mg DST): Clinical Guide and Protocol
A clinical guide to the low-dose overnight dexamethasone suppression test: pituitary feedback inhibition, diagnostic cutoffs, and Cushing's syndrome screening.
·7 min
24-Hour Urine 5-HIAA: Diagnostic Biomarker for Carcinoid Syndrome
A clinical guide to 24-hour urine 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid testing, evaluating serotonin turnover, neuroendocrine tumors, and dietary preparation protocols.
·7 min
Late-Night Salivary Cortisol: Evaluating Circadian Rhythm and Cushing's Syndrome
A clinical guide to late-night salivary cortisol testing, circadian nadir biology, Salivette collection protocols, and Endocrine Society diagnostic thresholds.
·7 min
24-Hour Urinary Free Cortisol (UFC): Diagnostic Standard for Cushing's Syndrome
A comprehensive clinical guide to 24-hour urinary free cortisol testing, evaluating hypercortisolemia, collection protocols, and Endocrine Society diagnostic thresholds.
·6 min
ACTH Stimulation Test: The Gold Standard in Adrenal Insufficiency Diagnostics
A clinical guide to the cosyntropin (Synacthen 250 mcg) stimulation test, evaluating adrenal cortical reserve, peak cortisol thresholds, and diagnostic protocols.
·6 min
Serum Cortisol: Clinical Measurement of the Morning Adrenal Peak
A clinical diagnostic guide to morning serum cortisol testing, evaluating adrenal axis function, reference intervals, circadian rhythmicity, and pre-test rest protocols.